Native to the tropical lowland wetlands of northern and central South America, where it thrives in seasonally flooded grasslands, riverbanks, marshes, and lagoons. Commonly known as the horned screamer, this species prefers freshwater wetlands with abundant floating vegetation and shallow water, often foraging in pairs or small groups. It is non-migratory, remaining year-round within its home range, and builds large platform nests from aquatic plants near water edges. Though rarely observed outside of its natural habitat, it occasionally occupies rice fields and floodplain pastures, particularly during seasonal water level changes. While its global population size is not precisely known, it is considered stable and widespread across its range, classified as a species of Least Concern by the IUCN. Despite its large body—reaching up to 36 inches in length and weighing up to 7.5 pounds—it has relatively weak flight capability and only flies short distances, preferring to walk or swim. One of its most distinctive traits is a horn-like projection of cartilage rising from the top of its head, which does not serve a known function but is unique among birds. It also bears spurs on its wings that it uses during territorial disputes or defense.

The species is highly vocal, producing loud, resonant calls that travel long distances, a characteristic used to establish territory and maintain pair bonds. It is monogamous and territorial during the breeding season, with pairs maintaining and defending nesting sites with conspicuous duets and aerial displays. It feeds mainly on aquatic vegetation, particularly the leaves and stems of floating and emergent plants, sometimes grazing on land as well.