Lima is the capital and largest city of Peru, situated on the country’s central western coast along the Pacific Ocean with a population of approximately 11 million people, making it the fifth-largest city in Latin America and by far the most populous in Peru.

The city lies within a coastal desert zone, bordered by the Andes Mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Despite its seaside location, Lima has an arid subtropical desert climate, with annual rainfall rarely exceeding 0.4 inches. Skies are frequently overcast, and humidity remains high throughout the year.

Summers (December to April) are warm and humid, with daytime temperatures typically ranging from 27–30°C (81–86°F). Winters (June to September) are cooler and cloudier, averaging 15–18°C (59–64°F). A coastal fog known as La Garúa often blankets the city in winter, reducing sunlight but not producing measurable rain.

Despite being located in a desert, Lima supports a large urban population, with much of its water supply coming from rivers such as the Rímac, which originate in the Andes. Elevated districts like Miraflores and Barranco overlook steep cliffs facing the Pacific Ocean, and the city extends inland through a network of valleys and dry hills.